Friday, August 27, 2010

"Assess possible theories in relation to the decline of the Maya civilisation"

Here is my completed essay; (word count; 1,054)
{ i cut out the paragraph about earthquakes-it was only a minor theory and a lot of evidence discounted it}

The Maya was an ancient civilisation of the Mesoamerican region which flourished during the classical period (C.E. 200-1000). This civilisation covered an area including Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Northern Belize and Honduras. Between AD 800 and 900, the Maya civilisation underwent a decline that has been called; “One of the most profound cultural failures in human history.” There are many theories in relation to the decline of this classical civilisation ranging from climate change to economic collapse. These and other explanations have been debated between scholars and historians for decades.

Maya ruins

One theory is destructive environmental conditions. A major factor considered in the demise of the Maya is climate change. This theory was proposed by NASA archaeologist, Tom Sever in October 2009. In the year 800, the Yucatan region suffered a 200 year drought. Evidence of this includes the discovery of gypsum-rich sediments found within various lake beds. As this chemical dissolves in water, for it to remain would lead to the conclusion that there was no water present. Archaeological evidence also supports this theory. Maya skeletons have been uncovered in the region, showing severe signs of malnutrition. The population also seems to have decreased from 3 million people to approximately 450, 000. Professors Harry Weiss of Yale University and Raymond S. Bradley of the University of Massachusetts both agree; “Many lines of evidence now point to climate forcing as the primary agent in repeated social collapse.” This theory concludes that the drought brought famine to the Maya, whose large population could not be sustained and therefore fell into decline. The only information discounting this theory is that the drought did not occur throughout the whole empire. This theory has been proposed recently, at a time when our modern world is seeing the effects of climate change. Whatever the motivation for the proposal of this theory, I believe that it seems quite probable.


Maya skeleton at Belize

Dr Michel Peissel, a French ethnologist and explorer, suggested the likelihood of foreign invaders as a possible theory for the Maya decline. He believes there may be a close relationship to this theory and that of economic collapse. Scholars are unsure who the invaders may have been, but there is evidence to suggest they were the Teotihuacán culture from the valley of Mexico. This culture lived in close proximity to the Maya empire and evidence shows they shared a strong relationship. Pottery and Stelae (carved pillars), dating from about the 5th century analysed by Professor George Kubler, a specialist in the iconography of Teotihuacán, show similar artistic features to that of the Teotihuacán culture. It is also noted that the Teotihuacán culture disappeared around the time of the Maya decline. There has also been evidence of occupation by the Mexican Toltec culture (C.E 800-1200) within the Yucatan region. Proof of this included the emergence of Toltec inspired art and architecture appearing in the late 900’s in Chichen Itza; a Maya city that flourished during the Classical period. Maya records indicate that this occupation lasted for a period of 200 years. Together with the theory of drought, this idea of foreign attack seems likely. If the Maya was in a state of food scarcity and malnutrition, an invasion when this culture was at its weakest may have been a contributing factor in its decline. With the considerable amount of archaeological evidence in relation to this theory, I believe it would be a feasible explanation.









Teotihuacán influenced
vessel










In the ancient city of Dos Pilas, (modern-day Guatemala), a Maya pyramid containing numerous hieroglyphs was uncovered in September 2002. The hieroglyphs were found and translated by archaeologist Arthur Demarest and epigrapher Federico Fahsen of Vanderbilt University. Both believe this information could provide evidence for the theory of civil war as a factor in the decline of the Maya. The hieroglyphs describe Dos Pilas as an outpost for the city of Tikal. The ruler of Dos Pilas was the brother of the king of Tikal.The writings tell how the city-state of Calakmul took the king of Dos Pilas as prisoner. Eventually, he was restored to his throne, but now as a pawn of Calakmul; who turned on his brother and invaded Tikal. Historians originally believed Maya wars were only regional, but this evidence shows they actually had a much wider radius. The cities of Tikal and Calakmul are examples of this; two Maya superpowers, battling each other for control. Simon Martin from the University of Pennsylvania Museum said; “The system broke down and ran out of control.” With such an amount of primary, archaeological evidence from the hieroglyphs supporting this theory, I believe it seems to be a realistic explanation for the Maya decline.






Archaeologist Arthur Demarest (left) and epigrapher Federico Fahsen, both of Vanderbilt University, sit on newly unearthed hieroglyphic stairs at the Maya site of Dos Pilas in Guatemalala.












Economic collapse has also been considered as a possible theory in relation to the decline of the Maya empire. In the 1970's, anthropologist William Rathje studied the pattern of Maya city failure. He found that the first of the cities abandoned were those whose main trading items were luxuries such as decorative pottery and religious items. Because of the 'economic disaster' these items were not in demand, so cities producing them no longer had a trade system. Without the income generated by trade, the cities became worthless. Proof of the weakened Maya economy includes evidence from other cultures. The Mexican Teotihuacan culture disappeared around this period, which may have been associated with an economic downfall. The cities in the Northern Yucatan peninsula and Guatemala highlands, further away from the conventional trade centre continued to survive, possibly because they were less dependent on trading. The modern crisis associated with the 'global recession' may have prompted historians to look at the theory of economic collapse seriously. If the whole world can be affected in this way, why can't an ancient civilisation? From the information proposed, this theory seems likely.


Maya vase (600-900 AD) found at Copan, Honduras


In conclusion, there is much evidence in relation to the decline of the ancient Maya civilisation; a powerful empire that should have stood the test of time. Many theories have been examined throughout the decades, but none have been shown as entirely decisive. The most common view held today is that the decline was attributed to a combination of factors. However, in the opinion of others such as Elizabeth Benson, an expert in Mesoamerican culture, it still remains to be; ‘One of the greatest mysteries of archaeology.’

































Almosrt done!

Friday; 27th August 5:05 pm

i have almost finished my essay...i just have to include more info about when the theories were made and who proposed them. i can't find anyone specifically proposing theory about eathquakes- but i think i've found a person for every other theory. After that, i just need to cut ont down to fit the 1000-1100 word limit.

i browsed a few websites to find info on who proposed the theories mainly looked at Google book search.

Saturday, August 21, 2010

DRAFT

date; Sunday 22/08/10
times spent; 20-30 minutes

Here is my draft essay on;
"Assess possible theories on relation to the decline of the Maya civilisation."


“Assess possible theories in relation to the decline of the Maya civilisation.”

The Maya was an ancient civilisation of the Mesoamerican region which flourished during the classical period (C.E. 200-1000). This civilisation covered an area including Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Northern Belize and Honduras. Between AD 800 and 900, the Maya civilisation underwent a decline that has been called; “One of the most profound cultural failures in human history.” There are many theories in relation to the decline of this classical civilisation ranging from environmental disasters to economic collapse. These and other explanations have been debated between scholars and historians for decades.


One probable theory is destructive environmental conditions. A major factor considered in the demise of the Maya is earthquakes. Proof for this comprises of the present day condition of the Maya ruins and geological evidence related to the frequency of earthquakes in the highlands of Guatemala. Although many experts accept this theory, it has also been dismissed. Some historians believe it would be highly unlikely for an entire region to evacuate due to natural forces. As with the Pompeii disaster, an earthquake in the Maya would have resulted in an abandonment of the city itself, not the entire country. Although earthquakes in this area are violent in the high grounds, the lowlands would be too far away to receive significant damage. There have also only been recordings of earthquakes after the classical period. In relation to the evidence discussed, I think it would be highly unlikely for the decline of the immense Maya civilisation to be the result of a natural disaster.


Another environmental issue considered is climate change. In the year 800, the Yucatan region suffered a 200 year drought. Evidence of this includes the discovery of gypsum-rich sediments found within various lake beds. As this chemical dissolves in water, for it to remain would lead to the conclusion that there was no water present. Archaeological evidence also supports this theory. Maya skeletons have been uncovered in the region, showing severe signs of malnutrition. The population also seems to have decreased from 3 million people to approximately 450, 000. This theory concludes that the drought brought famine to the Maya, whose large population could not be sustained and therefore fell into decline. The only information discounting this theory is that the drought did not occur throughout the whole empire. This theory has been proposed recently, at a time when our modern world is seeing the effects of climate change. Whatever the motivation for the proposal of this theory, I believe that it seems quite probable.


The decline of the Maya empire may have been brought about by foreign invaders. It is difficult to identity exactly who the attackers were, although there is some proof which identifies them as the Teotihuacán culture, from the valley of Mexico. This culture lived in close proximity to the Maya empire and evidence shows they shared a strong relationship. Pottery and Stelae (carved pillars), dating from about the 5th century found in the Maya, show similar artistic features to that of the Teotihuacán culture. For some reason, these two ancient civilisations may have engaged in conflict. It is also noted that the Teotihuacán culture disappeared around the time of the Maya decline. There has also been evidence of occupation by the Mexican Toltec culture (C.E 800-1200) within the Yucatan region. Proof of this included the emergence of Toltec inspired art and architecture appearing in the late 900’s in Chichen Itza; a Maya city that flourished during the Classical period. Maya records indicate that this occupation lasted for a period of 200 years. Teamed up with the theory of drought, brought about by climate change, this idea of foreign attack seems likely. If the Maya was in a state of food scarcity and malnutrition, an invasion when this culture was at its weakest may have been a contributing factor in its decline. With the considerable amount of archaeological evidence in relation to this theory, I believe it would be a feasible explanation.















In the ancient city of Dos Pilas, (modern-day Guatemala), a Maya pyramid containing numerous hieroglyphs was recently uncovered. This discovery offers evidence in relation to the theory of Civil war as an instigator in the decline of the Maya. The hieroglyphs, translated by archaeologists, describe Dos Pilas as an outpost for the city of Tikal. The ruler of Dos Pilas was the brother of the king of Tikal. The hieroglyphs describe how the city-state of Calakmul took the king of Dos Pilas as prisoner. Eventually, he was restored to his throne, but now as a pawn of Calakmul; who turned on his brother and invaded Tikal. Historians originally believed Maya wars were only regional, but this evidence shows they actually had a much wider radius. The cities of Tikal and Calakmul are examples of this; two Maya superpowers, battling each other for control. Chronic warfare leads to the breakdown of the fragile agricultural system, which ultimately resulted in the Maya decline. Simon Martin from the University of Pennsylvania Museum said; “The system broke down and ran out of control.” With such an amount of primary, archaeological evidence from the hieroglyphs supporting this theory, I believe it seems to be a realistic explanation for the Maya decline.






Archaeologist Arthur Demarest (left) and epigrapher Federico Fahsen, both of Vanderbilt University, sit on newly unearthed hieroglyphic stairs at the Maya site of Dos Pilas in Guatemalala.




Economic collapse has also been considered as a possible theory in relation to the decline of the Maya empire. In the 1970's, anthropologist William Rathje studied the pattern of Maya city failure. He found that the first of the cities abandoned were those whose main trading items were luxuries such as decorative pottery and religious items. Because of the 'economic disaster' these items were not in demand, so cities producing them no longer had a trade system. Without the income generated by trade, the cities became worthless. Proof of the weakened Maya economy includes evidence from other cultures. The Mexican Teotihuacan culture disappeared around this period, which may have been associated with an economic downfall. The cities in the Northern Yucatan peninsula and Guatemala highlands, further away from the conventional trade centre, continued to survive, possibly because they were less dependent on trading. The modern crisis associated with the ‘global recession’ may have prompted historians to look at the theory of economic collapse seriously. If the whole world can be affected in this way, why can't an ancient civilisation? From the information proposed, this theory seems likely.

In conclusion, there is much evidence in relation to the decline of the ancient Maya civilisation; a powerful empire that should have stood the test of time. Many theories have been examined throughout the decades, but none have been shown as entirely decisive. The most common view held today is that the decline was attributed to a combination of factors. However, in the opinion of others such as Elizabeth Benson, an expert in Mesoamerican culture, it still remains to be; ‘One of the greatest mysteries of archaeology.’













Friday, August 20, 2010

Date; Saturday, 21/08/10
Time spent on essay; 30-45 minutes

Finished my draft essay on the topic;

"Assess possible theories in relation to the decline of the Maya civilisation."

i have added some pictures with it. The following hyperlinks are from websites that i found the pictures on.

http://traveltips.usatoday.com/mayan-temples-mexico-4209.html USA Travel Today, Travel tips

http://desktopwallpaper-s.com/ desktop wallpapers

http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/maps/ss/mapsindex_3.htm

About.com – maps and geography of the ancient world

http://ambergrisdaily.com/belize-news/a-guide-to-the-maya-ruins-of-belize/

Ambergris daily; A guide to the Maya ruins at Belize

http://www.mayatropictours.com/

Maya Tropic Tours, Honduras

http://www.vanderbilt.edu/exploration/news/features/dos_pilas/news_dospilas_feature.htm

Exploration; the online research journal of Vanderbilt University


my next post will be the actual essay : )

ps; i only addressed the question 'why do historians etc have different theories..' with the theories that were relevant; climate change and economic collapse.

i only have a summing up sentance about my judgement on the theories.

Tuesday, August 17, 2010

ALMOST DONE A DRAFT

Time spent on it; 30 minutes

I've been typing up a draft of the essay-its pretty rough, but hopefully it will come together eventually... I did a bit of surfing to double check some of the dates, and periods some of the Maya cities existed in. Its confusing because the Maya had a collapse in the Post-Classic, and the Classic period. i'm just trying to focus on the Classic.

websearch;

http://www.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1gcenso.htm

(Civilisations of the toltecs and Aztecs)

Saturday, August 14, 2010

Researching

Sources; http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/archaeology/mayacivilwar.htm social studies for kids
http://www2.truman.edu/~marc/webpages/nativesp99/maya/warfare.html Civil War
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/08/maya-rise-fall/gugliotta-text National Geographic

Time researching; 30-45 minutes

Just about done researching. There is just so much stuff you can say about all the theories-its easy to get bogged down in all the detail. Iv'e just been looking up further info in relation to the theory of civil war...almost done. i want to get a draft posted today

Thursday, August 12, 2010

National Geographic

Researching....National Geographic. Time spent researching...2-5 minutes



love the pic..think i'll add it with the essay : )
Checked out the National Geographic site-very good source of information.




http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/08/maya-rise-fall/gugliotta-text



i've saved it as a favorite because its exactly 9:20 pm and i want to go to bed. I've just been checking up on my blog, to make sure i'm including all the parts i said i would. i've started writing my essay, i've only written about 3 paragraphs and its taken almost 2 pages!



i will cut down some stuff...later.....after i've had a rest.

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